Once you are infected with one of the dengue viruses, you will develop immunity to that. The characteristic feature of dhf is increased capillary permeability leading to extensive plasma leakage in serous cavities resulting in shock. Dengue fever is a mosquitoborne disease spread by aedes aegypti mosquito. Plasma leakage and intrinsic coagulopathy are the pathological hall marks in dengue haemorrhagic fever dhf. Since the second edition of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses transmitted by aedes mosquitoes symptoms of dengue fever include severe joint and muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, headache, fever, exhaustion, and rash. There are two forms dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever, the latter of which is severe. Ns1 antigen is a nonstructural protein found in infected patients from 1st day of fever upto 5 days after the onset of fever. They may be asymptomatic or may give rise to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever, dengue haemorrhagic fever dhf, or dengue shock syndrome.
Dengue fever is common in tropical areas, so take extra precautions if you travel somewhere with this type of. The clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever d. Towns in north and central queensland that have aedes aegypti are prone to outbreaks of dengue. The clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagi. Undifferentiated fevermay be the most common manifestation ofdengueprospective study found that 87% of patientsinfected were either asymptomatic or only mildlysymptomaticother prospective. Dengue fever presents in a nonspecific manner and may not be distinguishable from other viral or bacterial illness. Dengue virus produces a mild acute febrile illness, dengue fever df and a severe illness, dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf. Dengue virus disease must be notified by medical practitioners and pathology services in writing within 5 days of diagnosis.
Dengue definition, an infectious, eruptive fever of warm climates, usually epidemic, characterized especially by severe pains in the joints and muscles. Spak spak dengue virus family flaviviridae genus flavivirus enveloped, single strand rna viruses genomic rna 11 kb and encodes 3 structural proteins. Pathophysiology and management of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Viral virulence, infection enhancing antibodies, cytokines and chemical mediators in the setting of intense immune activation are the key players implicated in the pathogenesis of dhf. Dengue viral infections are one of the most important mosquito borne diseases in the world. Severe dengue most commonly occurs among infants and patients with secondary dengue virus denv infections i. Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus of genus falvivirus. Ninety percent of dhf subjects are children less than 15. Dengue dengue hemorrhagic hemorrhagic fever fever pathogenesis and pathophysiology alan alan r. The affected patients usually present with high fever almost all cases 28 and present a positive tourniquet test. Symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever are fever that lasts from 2 to 7 days, vomiting blood, drowsiness, bleeding from nose or gums. This video aims to describe the mode of replication of dengue virus and the pathophysiology of dengue.
Health experts have known about dengue fever for more than 200 years. Complication of dengue fever can give rise to a more severe form, called dengue hemorrhagic fever. Blood testing detects the dengue virus or antibodies produced in response to dengue infection. B cells are the principal circulating mononuclear cells infected by dengue virus. The most widely cited hypothesis for this occurrence is antibody dependent enhancement ade of. Dengue virus is prevalent throughout the tropics and subtropics. Pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever and its impact. Ooi, md c extreme plasmacytosis in peripheral blood is a rare. This disease used to be called breakbone fever because it sometimes causes severe joint and muscle pain that feels like bones are breaking. Annually, 100 million cases of dengue fever and half a million cases of dhf occur worldwide. Isolation of dengue viruses from peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with hemorrhagic fever.
Dengue, acute, infectious, mosquitoborne fever that is temporarily incapacitating but rarely fatal. Dengue viral infections postgraduate medical journal. According to the pan american health organization paho, the clinical description of dengue fever is an acute febrile illness of 27 days duration associated with 2. Dengue fever causes high fever, rash, and muscle and joint pain, bleeding, and hypotension related journals of dengue fever. Dengue fever is an infectious disease carried by mosquitoes and caused by any of four related dengue viruses. Dengue infection is caused by 4 antigenically distinct dengue virus serotypes. The pathology of dengue hemorrhagic fever request pdf. Classic dengue fever is marked by rapid onset of high fever, headache, retroorbital pain, diffuse body pain both muscle and bone, weakness, vomiting, sore throat, altered taste sensation, and a centrifugal maculopapular rash, among other manifestations. Dengue fever is a viral infection spread by mosquitoes that causes symptoms such as high fever, severe headache and pain behind the eyes, bleeding and easy bruising. Besides fever, the disease is characterized by an extreme pain in and stiffness of the joints.
World health organization, regional office for southeast asia. The clinical picture and the pathogenesis of the severe disease are explained. Dengue hemorrhagic fever can occur when someone is bitten by a mosquito or exposed to blood infected with the dengue virus. Pathophysiology plasma leakage denvinfected cells release inflammatory mediators, immune complexes are formed, and the complement cascade is activated resulting in increased vascular permeability and hemorrhagic manifestations that characterize severe dengue. Dengue fever is a mosquitoborne viral disease caused by 1 of 4 closely related but antigenically distinct serotypes of dengue virus, serotypes denv1 through den4. The presence of fever, rash, and headache the dengue triad is characteristic of dengue fever. Dengue infection is caused by any of four dengue virus serotypes. Spak spak dengue virus family flaviviridae genus flavivirus.
Bleeding diathesis in dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf is caused by a combination of plasma leakage, vasculopathy, thrombocytopenia, platelet dysfunction, and coagulopathy. They may range from subclinical infection to dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever dhf, and eventually dengue shock syndrome dss. Infection with one dengue serotype confers lifelong homotypic immunity and a brief period of partial heterotypic immunity 2 years, but each individual can eventually be infected by all. Dengue fever is a virus transmitted to humans through bites from the aedes mosquito, a daybiting mosquito. Dengue is an important differential diagnosis of fever in children presenting to firstlevel health facilities in tropical asia and latin america. As both cell tropism and tissue tropism of denv are considered major determinants in the pathogenesis of dengue, there is a critical need for adequate tropism assays, animal models, and human autopsy data. The pathology of dengue hemorrhagic fever sciencedirect. The most widely cited hypothesis for this occurrence is antibody dependent enhancement ade of disease. Dengue fever is a disease spread by the aedes aegypti mosquito and is caused by one of four dengue viruses. Comprehensive guidelines for prevention and control of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever vii dengue fever is the fastest emerging arboviral infection spread by aedes mosquitoes with major public health consequences in over 100 tropical and subtropical countries in southeast asia, the western pacific and south and central america. Dengue fever ns1 antigen eia online booking, fever dr. Clinical manifestations of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever undifferentiated fever classic dengue fever dengue hemorrhagic fever dengue shock syndrome 14.
Dengue fever is a viral disease spread only by certain mosquitoes mostly aedes aegypti or dengue mosquitoes, which are common in tropical areas around the world. Generally, most dengue infections are classified as simple dengue fever. Dengue is not included in the generic integrated management of childhood illness imci algorithm, but due to its importance, it was incorporated in several asian and latin american imci adaptations. We describe the virus characteristics and risk factors for dengue and dhf, and compare incidence and the case fatality rates in endemic regions southeast asia, western pacific, and the americas. Pathophysiology dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, potentially deadly infection spread by some mosquitos. The severity of the pain led to the term breakbone fever to describe dengue.
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